The K-stiffness method predictions are shown to better capture the qualitative trends in numerical results and be quantitatively more accurate compared with the AASHTO simplified method. Computed reinforcement loads are compared with predicted loads using the empirical-based K-stiffness method. Other parameters investigated are wall height, interface shear stiffness between blocks, wall facing batter, reinforcement stiffness, and reinforcement spacing. This partially explains why reinforcement loads under working stress conditions are typically overestimated using current limit equilibrium-based design methods. The results of numerical simulations demonstrate that toe resistance at the base of a reinforced soil segmental retaining wall can generate a significant portion of the resistance to horizontal earth loads in these systems.
Results of full-scale shear testing of the interface between the bottom of a typical modular block and concrete or crushed stone levelling pads are used to back-calculate toe stiffness values. A verified fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC) numerical model is used to investigate the influence of horizontal toe stiffness on the performance of reinforced soil segmental retaining walls under working stress (operational) conditions.
